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¿ä¾à2 1. Background and purpose of the research. Recently publicness of architecture & urban spaces and the increase in its social and political interest is getting higher. Over the years, the definition and understanding of publicness has changed and the necessity for a new approach to publicness in architecture & urban spaces has risen. This study suggests the direction for increasing contemporary publicness through: analysis of case studies, examination of the change in definition, reports and discussions on publicness and investigates the current recognition status of professionals. It is based on the idea that there should be a change in the definition of publicness to focus on process rather than the result. 2. Change in definition of publicness and contemporary publicness. We looked at the meanings origin, dictionary definition and various other fields to understand the definition of publicness. We discovered its origins were derived from association. It also means economic and social activity which occur an area that is distributed to large numbers. According to this basic summary, the general idea and features of contemporary publicness can be arranged as below. The general idea of contemporary publicness is official, justice, public interest and public opinion. Its features are enlargement and undecidability. Enlargement means publicness with citizens which have so far been excluded, this means the role of government is changing from ¡®management to support and partner¡¯. Also undecidability means contemporary publicness itself has the condition of undecidability. These features show a changing subject and role, it is the conversion from publicness lead by government to cooperative publicness lead by government and private sector. Firstly, publicness lead by government is conditioned on the dichotomy of public and private . It features exclusive, monolithic, monistic publicness and, conservative publicness like vertical, dependent modern administration. This influence is shown in urban planning division and its social guidance planning paradigm, which is lead by the government. Secondly, cooperative publicness lead by government and the private sector is based on horizontal, local cooperation and government has the role of supporting and dissemination. Conditions to allow Publicness need to be open and variable. It features on open and horizontal relationship by flexibility. It also features agreement of local livelihood, establishing a governance system and cooperative public process. Influences of publicness can be seen through cooperative public planning of governance and flexible urban planning paradigm. 3. Discussion and recognition status of publicness in architecture & urban spaces. Studies on publicness in architecture & urban spaces were mainly focusing on public open spaces of public buildings and office buildings, they have gradually expanded to include the lower floors and the interior spaces of office buildings and urban spaces. Based on the ¡®Every Together Open¡¯ concept of Publicness and public realm, there is research that shows that the borders between public and private realm are becoming ambiguous. Publicness evaluation has been mainly done by selecting an index to evaluate publicness and then evaluating the arranged space status from a physical perspective. Discussions about publicness in architecture & urban spaces can be separated into: Secure publicness through opening spaces and publicizing private spaces, Secure publicness through eliminating development which is thoughtless to the environment. Embody publicness through local participation and promote the role of professionals. Realization of publicness from a public design perspective. The problems with publicness in architecture & urban spaces suggested by professionals are: Firstly, conversion of recognition to a subject that creates publicness is needed. Secondly, conversion of recognition that the borders between public and private areas are becoming ambiguous is needed. Thirdly, conversion of thought is needed from focusing on the result to the process in space management and operation. Finally, when planning and developing it is important to respect and consider the contexts of the region. 4. Analysing cases of publicness in architecture & urban spaces. We looked at the process of publicness in architecture & urban spaces in the Seoul Forest, Seoul Plaza, Anyang Art Park and The Free Market in Hongik University. The cooperative relationship between administration, professionals and civic organization has contributed to improve publicness in the arrangement and operation process by performing various roles. However, uncooperative systems and one sided promotion of administration has confirmed that there is a limitation to improve the publicness in space usage and management. We confirmed that the workshop or field work was a model for making decisions to solve the conflicts between local people and administration and increase publicness in public spaces. Also we have learnt that the problem solving process between administration and professionals has operated an important process to secure publicness in architecture & urban spaces. But one sided decisions which stand for public interest have decreased the value of publicness as a result. We also confirmed that the conversion of recognition which considers local features and space is still unprepared alongside basic direction and planning contents. Lastly, alongside management and operation, we confirmed that public & private partnership is a new management system to promote citizen¡¯s participation and make various operation programs. On the other hand, management that is one sided and centres on suppliers causes problems with commercialization and monopolization, so decreases the publicness of public space. 5. Directions to Increase contemporary publicness in architecture & urban spaces. We draw the direction and idea of contemporary publicness through generalizing the result of analysis. Firstly, various changes to borders between public and private spaces. We need to raise the quality of public realm and break down the borders between public and private to achieve publicness. Secondly, through changing of rights in administration and the cooperation of various parties, the role of administration needs to be changed to support and various cooperative relationship systems are needed. Also promote the role of professionals and expand the role of local community. Thirdly, the importance of sharing values, formatting public discussions and the formation of agreements that can solve problems through effective communications is needed. Fourthly, managing and operating the formatted space effectively is important along with securing the space is needed and diversity of subject is also needed. Lastly, preventing and recovering from developments which are thoughtless to the environment and changing plans to consider local features and places are needed as way to revive publicness. 6. Conclusions. As a conclusion points of contemporary publicness and increasing direction is suggested like this: conditional point - ¡®Various changes in borders between public and private space¡¯, subject point - ¡®Changing of rights in administration and the cooperation of various parties¡¯, practical point - ¡®Importance of sharing values and formation of agreements¡¯, ¡®Importance of management & operation and diversity of subjects¡¯, ¡®preventing and recovering from developments which are thoughtless to the environment¡¯. Further research is mainly in two directions. First, there should be a significant theoretical research to complete the definition of contemporary publicness. Second, detail the solutions to increase the contemporary publicness to secure the realization.
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