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Le CorbusierÀÇ ¡®»õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢¡¯À» ÅëÇØ ºÐ¼®ÇÑ 'Villa SavoyeÀÇ ¼³°è°úÁ¤'¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸ / A Study on Analysis of Villa Savoye's Design Process through 'Five Points of New Architecture' |
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¼®»ç - ¿¬¼¼´ëÇб³, °ÇÃà°øÇаú (2010-02) |
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½ÃÀÛÆäÀÌÁö(1) ÃÑÆäÀÌÁö(115) |
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ºô¶ó »çº¸¾Æ ; »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢ ; ¸£ ²¿¸£ºßÁ¦ ; ¼³°è°úÁ¤ ; ±â°è ¹ÌÇÐ ; Dom-Ino ±¸Á¶ ; Villa Savoye ; Five Points of New Architecture ; Le Corbusier ; Design Process ; Machine Ages ; Dom-Ino System |
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Le Corbusier´Â ±Ù´ë °ÇÃàÀÇ ¾Æ¹öÁö¶ó ºÒ¸®¸ç, ¿À´Ã³¯±îÁö Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡°í ÀÖ´Ù. ±×ÀÇ À̷м¿Í ÀÛǰµéÀº Çö´ë °ÇÃà°ú °ü·Ã ÀÖ´Â ¸ðµç À̵鿡 ÀÇÇØ Á¶»ç․ºÐ¼®µÇ°í ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ±Ù´ë °ÇÃàÀ» ÀÌÇØÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÀÖ¾î¼ ÇʼöÀû ¿ä¼Ò·Î Àνĵǰí ÀÖ´Ù. ±â°è¹ÌÇÐÀ» ¹è°æÀ¸·Î ÇÑ Ã¶±Ù ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ®¶ó´Â Àç·á¿Í Dom-Ino ±¸Á¶¸¦ ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î 1927³â ¹ßÇ¥ÇÑ »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢Àº 2¹øÀÇ ¼öÁ¤°úÁ¤À» ÅëÇØ ±×ÀÇ °ÇÃà ÀÌ·ÐÀ» Á¤¸³ÇÏ´Â °è±â°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. ÇÊ·ÎÆ¼, ¿Á»ó Á¤¿ø, ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î Æò¸é, °¡·Î·Î ±ä â, ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿î ÀÔ¸éÀÇ 5°¡Áö ¿ä¼Ò´Â 1920¢¦30³â´ë Le Corbusier°¡ ¼³°èÇß´ø ÁÖÅà ÀÛǰ¿¡¼ºÎÅÍ 1950³â´ë ¸¶Áö¸· ÀÛǰÀ» µðÀÚÀÎÇß´ø ½Ã±â¿¡ °ÉÃÄ ³ªÅ¸³ª ÀÖ´Ù. ±× Áß Villa Savoye´Â »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢ÀÌ °¡Àå Àß Àû¿ëµÈ ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î Àνĵǰí Àֱ⠶§¹®¿¡, º» ¿¬±¸´Â Villa SavoyeÀÇ ¼³°è°úÁ¤À» »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ºÐ¼®․ Àû¿ëÇØ º½À¸·Î½á, Villa Savoye°¡ Le CorbusierÀÇ °ÇÃà ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ¼³°èµÈ ÀÛǰÀÎÁö È®ÀÎÇØº¸°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. '»õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢'Àº Le CorbusierÀÇ »õ·Î¿î ±â¼úÀû ¼ö´Ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È®½ÅÀ» ³»Æ÷ÇßÀ¸¸ç, ±×°ÍÀº ¹Ù·Î 'frame' ±¸Á¶·Î¼ º®¿¡¼ ±âµÕÀ¸·Î ±¸Á¶Àû ü°èÀÇ º¯È¸¦ ÀǹÌÇß´Ù. 1914³â ¼³°èÇÑ Dom-Ino ÁÖÅÃÀº À̸¦ °¡Àå Àß ¼³¸íÇØ ÁÖ´Â ¿¹¶ó°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ°í, ÀÌÈÄ Le CorbusierÀÇ ÁÖÅà ÀÛǰÀº ±âº»ÀûÀ¸·Î 'frame' ±¸Á¶¸¦ °®°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. 1927³â '»õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢'ÀÇ ÃÖÃÊ ¹ßÇ¥ ÀÌÈÄ Le Corbusier´Â WeissenhofÀÇ ÁÖÅÃÀ» ºñ·ÔÇÏ¿© Maison Cook, Villa Stein, Villa Baizeau, Villa Savoye±îÁöÀÇ °èȹ¾ÈÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ¿© 1936³â±îÁö 2¹øÀÇ ¼öÁ¤°úÁ¤À» °ÅÄ¡°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â 'frame'±¸Á¶¸¦ ½ÇÁ¦ ¼³°è¾È¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ °Þ¾ú´ø °æÇèÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ±×ÀÇ °ÇÃà ÀÌ·ÐÀ» ¼öÁ¤ÇÑ °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. Le CorbusierÀÇ ´ëÇ¥ÀÛÀÎ Villa Savoye´Â '»õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢'ÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀÌ Àß Àû¿ëµÈ ÀÛǰÀ¸·Î ¾Ë·ÁÁ® ÀÖ´Ù. ÄÜÅ©¸®Æ® ±âµÕÀ¸·Î mass¸¦ µé¾î¿Ã¸° ÀÌ ÁýÀº ÇÊ·ÎÆ¼ À§¿¡ ¶° ÀÖ´Â ¸·È÷Áö ¾ÊÀº ÁöºØ°ú °¡·Î·Î ±ä âÀÌ ÀÖ´Â °øÁß¿¡ ¶° ÀÖ´Â »óÀÚ¶ó°í Ç¥ÇöÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. Villa Savoye´Â Le Corbusier°¡ ¹Ì·¡¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Çõ½ÅÀûÀΠôµµ·Î¼ °£ÁÖÇß´ø °ü³äµé°ú ÀÏÄ¡Çϸç, ÅëÇÕ°ú ±ÕÇüÀ̶ó´Â ÀÇ¹Ì·Î ÇØ¼®ÇÒ ¶§ ¸£³×»ó½ºÀÇ ºô¶óµé°ú ¸Æ¶ôÀ» °°ÀÌ ÇÑ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ ÀÔ¸é°ú ±¸¼º¿¡ ÀÖ¾î¼ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ ÁÖÅõé°ú Â÷º°ÈµÇ¾î ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÇÊ·ÎÆ¼¿¡´Â »ó¡ÀûÀÎ ¸í·á¼ºÀÌ Ç¥ÇöµÇ¾î ÀÖ´Ù. Villa Savoye´Â 1928³â¿¡ ¼³°è°¡ ½ÃÀ۵Ǿú°í, ±×·ÎºÎÅÍ 2³â µÚ, 1930³â 2¿ù¿¡ ¿À´Ã³¯ º¸´Â °Í°ú °°Àº °ÇÃàÀÇ ½Ç½Ã¾ÈÀÌ ¿Ï·áµÇ°í, °ø»ç´Â 1³âÀÌ °É·Á 1931³â¿¡ ÁذøÇÏ¿´´Ù. Villa Savoye´Â »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢ÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» ±¸Ã¼ÈÇϰí, ±Ù´ë °ÇÃàÀ» ´ëÇ¥ÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ¸·Î¼, À̳äÀûÀ¸·Î ±¸»óµÈ ÇüŸ¦ ±×´ë·Î Çö½ÇÈÇÑ °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ °èȹ°úÁ¤¿¡¼ ÃÖÁ¾´Ü°è¿¡ ±îÁö À̸¥ 2°³ÀÇ ´Ù¸¥ Villa SavoyeÀÇ ½Ç½Ã °èȹ¾ÈÀÌ ³²°ÜÁ® ÀÖ°í, 2³âÀÇ ¼³°è±â°£ »çÀÌÀÇ ½ºÅ͵ð´Â °ÇÃà°¡ÀÇ Çö½Ç°úÀÇ °Å·¡, ±× °úÁ¤¿¡¼ÀÇ ¿ì¿¬ÇÑ ¹ß°ß µî °úÁ¤ ÀÚü¿¡µµ Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¿©·¯ ¼öÁ¤°èȹ¾ÈµéÀ» ÁøÇàÇÏ´Â µ¿¾È Le Corbusier´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Villa Savoye °èȹ¿¡¼ ÀÌ·ç°íÀÚ ÇÏ´Â ÇüÅ ¿ø¸®µéÀ» ¸¸Á·½º·´°Ô ½ÇÇö½ÃŰÁö ¸øÇÏ°Ô µÇÀÚ, ù ¹øÂ° °èȹ¾ÈÀÇ ±âº»°³³äÀ¸·Î ´Ù½Ã µ¹¾Æ°¡ ÃÖÁ¾ °èȹ¾È¿¡¼´Â Áß¾ÓºÎÀÇ °æ»ç·Î¸¦ ´Ù½Ã ¼³Ä¡Çϰí Ãʱâ¾ÈÀÇ °ø°£±¸¼ºÀ» ÀçÇö½ÃŲ´Ù. Villa Savoye¸¦ ±¸¼ºÇÏ´Â ¿©·¯ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀº ±× ¿ä¼Òµé¿¡°Ô ¿µÇâÀ» ÁÖ´Â ¿ø¸®¿Í ü°èµéÀÇ ÅëÀϼºÀ» º¸¿©ÁÖ¸é¼, ÁÖº¯Áö¿ª°úÀÇ Á¶È¿Í ÇÔ²² ¿ä¼Òµé °£ÀÇ »óÈ£ ÀÛ¿ëÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇÏ¿© º¹ÇÕÀûÀ̸鼵µ ÅëÇÕµÈ °ÇÃ๰ÀÇ ±¸¼º ¹æ½ÄÀ» ´À³¥ ¼ö ÀÖµµ·Ï ÇÑ´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ µµ½ÃÀÇ ¼ºñ½º ¿¬°áÃþÀÇ °³³äÀ» ÁÖÅðǹ°¿¡ Àû¿ëÇÏ¸é¼ ³ªÅ¸³ ÅëÀϼºÀÌ ÀÖ°í ´Ü¼øÇÑ ÇÊ·ÎÆ¼ÀÇ °³³äÀº Le CorbusierÀÇ »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀ» À§ÇÑ ±âº»Àû µµ±¸°¡ µÇ¾ú´Ù. Villa Savoye°¡ ¿Ï¼ºµÊÀ¸·Î¼ Le CorbusierÀÇ ÁÖÅÃÀÇ 4±¸¼ºÀÌ ¿Ï°áµÇ¾ú°í, »õ·Î¿î °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢µµ Á¤¸®µÉ ¼ö ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Le Corbusier´Â Àΰ£ÀÇ Áö°¢À» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ½Ã°£ÀÌ Áö³ªµµ Àǹ̰¡ º¯ÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â °ÇÃàÀ» ¸¸µé±â À§ÇØ ¿ª»ç¸¦ »ó±âÇϰí, °ÇÃàÀû »ç°í¸¦ ±æ·¯ ´Ù¾çÇÑ Àǹ̸¦ Ç¥ÇöÇϰíÀÚ Çß´Ù. ±×·¯³ª °èȹ °úÁ¤»ó¿¡´Â ¼³°è Á¶°Ç»ó ¸¹Àº ¹®Á¦°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. Â÷·®ÀÇ ¼ö¿ë, ÃÖÇÏÃþ¿¡¼ÀÇ Â÷·® ȸÀü ¹Ý°æ µîÀÇ ¹®Á¦µéÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×¸®°í ÀÌ °èȹ ÀüüÀÇ ±Ô¸ð°¡ Ãà¼ÒµÇ¾úÀ» ¶§ ¹®Á¦°¡ ¹ß»ýÇϱ⵵ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. ½Ç¿ë¼ºÀ̶ó´Â ¿ÜºÎÀû ¿ä±¸¿Í °ÇÃà°¡°¡ Ãß±¸ÇÏ´Â ¸ñÀû°úÀÇ ´ë¸³ÀÌ ÀϾ±â ¶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. 20¼¼±âÀÇ ±â¼ú Áøº¸¸¦ ´ëº¯ÇÏ´Â ±¸Á¶Ã¼·Î¼ ÀÌ ÁÖÅÃÀº °íÀüÀÇ ±¸Á¶ ¿øÄ¢¿¡ µû¸£°í ÀÖ´Â ÇÊ·ÎÆ¼¿Í °¡·Î·Î ±ä âÀº »õ·Î¿î ±¸Á¶ ÇØ¼®ÀÇ °á°ú·Î Àǹ̰¡ ÀÖ´Ù. Villa Savoye´Â ´Ù¼¸ ¹øÀÇ ¼³°è º¯È °úÁ¤À» °ÅÃÆ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â Le Corbusier°¡ ¼³°è¸¦ ¹ßÀü½ÃÄѳª°£ °æ¿ìµµ ÀÖ°í, °æÁ¦Àû ¿äÀΰúµµ °°Àº ¿ÜºÎ ¿äÀο¡ ÀÇÇÑ °ÍÀÏ ¼öµµ ÀÖ´Ù. ÇÏÁö¸¸ Ãʱ⠰èȹ¾È°ú ÃÖÁ¾ °èȹ¾ÈÀÌ Èí»çÇÑ °ÍÀ» º¸¸é, Le Corbusier´Â ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ ½ÇÇöÇÏ°í ½Í¾ú´ø °ÇÃàÀÇ 5¿øÄ¢ÀÇ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» º¯°æ °úÁ¤¿¡¼µµ °í·ÁÇßÀ½À» ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´Ü¼øÈ÷ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ÇüŸ¦ Ãß±¸ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ »ì±â À§ÇÑ ±â°è·Î¼ Villa Savoye´Â °èȹµÇ¾îÁ³´Ù. ¿äÄÁ´ë, ±×´Â ÁÖÅà ½ÇÇèÀ» ÅëÇØ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â °ÇÃàÀ̷еéÀ» Á¤¸®ÇÏ°í ½ÇÇàÇÏ¿´´Ù. ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀÎ »ç°í °úÁ¤Àº Le Corbusier°¡ »ý°¢ÇÏ´Â ±Ù´ë °ÇÃà¿¡ ´ëÇÑ Ç¥ÇöÀ̾ú´Ù. ±×´Â ÀÛǰµéÀ» ¼³°èÇÏ¸é¼ ÁÖÅÿ¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âÁ¸ÀÇ °íÁ¤ °ü³äµéÀ» ¹èÁ¦Çϸç, ºñÆÇÀûÀÌ°í °´°üÀûÀÎ ÀÔÀåÀ» °ßÁöÇÏ¿´´Ù. »ì±â À§ÇÑ µµ±¸·Î¼ÀÇ ±×ÀÇ ÁÖÅÃÀº ÀÌÀü ÁÖÅðú´Â ´Ù¸¥ ±â°è ¹ÌÇÐÀÇ ¶Ç´Ù¸¥ ¹Ý¿µÀ̾ú´Ù. Çö´ë¿¡µµ Le CorbusierÀÇ °ÇÃà, Villa Savoye°¡ Å« ¿µÇâ·ÂÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ÀÌÀ¯´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ ¾Æ¸§´Ù¿î ÇüŸ¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ´Â °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ °ÇÃà°¡ÀÇ À̳ä°ú öÇÐÀ» ¹Ý¿µÇÑ °ÇÃ๰À̶ó´Â µ¥ ÀÖ´Ù. °ÇÃà¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ±âº»Àû »ý°¢ÀÌ »ç°íÀÇ È帧¿¡ ¹Ý¿µµÇ°í ³ª¾Æ°¡ ½Ã´ëÀÇ °ÇÃàÀ» Á¢¸ñ½Ã۸ç Le CorubsierÀÇ °ÇÃàÀº ½Ã´ëÀÇ »ó¡ÀÌ µÇ¾ú´Ù. °ÇÃà°¡ÀÇ »ý°¢¸¸À¸·Î ¸¸µé¾îÁø °ÇÃàÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¿ª»çÀû Áö½ÄÀ» ¹ÙÅÁÀ¸·Î ÇÑ ½Ã´ë»ó°ú Áøº¸ÇÑ ±â¼úÀÇ Á¢¸ñÀÌ Çö´ë °ÇÃà¿¡µµ Le Corbusier°¡ Å« ¿µÇâÀ» ¹ÌÄ¡´Â ÀÌÀ¯¶ó°í »ý°¢ÇØ º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. |
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Le Corbusier is the father of Modernism and even now has a strong influence on contemporary architecture. His theories and works are studied and analyzed by architects all over the world. He is the essential figure for the understanding of Modern architecture. Based on reinforced concrete (the main material of the machine aesthetic) and the Dom-Ino system, 'Five Points of a New Architecture' served as new momentum for his own architecture thesis in 1927, that was amended twice. Five points: pilotis, roof garden, free plan, ribbon windows, and free façade were vital features of Le Corbusier's projects from 1920–30s to 1950s. Among his works, Villa Savoye is the project with the clearest application of five points. Therefore, this study will analyze the design process of the Villa Savoye within the framework of the 'Five Points of a New Architecture' to confirm the application of Le Corbusier's architectural thesis in the design of the Villa Savoye. 'Five points of new architecture' is connotation of Le Corbusier's conviction about new technological tactics and its shift from the traditional structural wall to a column system as the structural framework. Dom-Ino planned in 1914, is the best explanation of this example of the application of the column system. Since then, Le Corbusier's all the work included the 'frame' structure. After the publication of 'Five points of a New Architecture' in 1927, Le Corbusier created blueprints of Maison Cook, Villa Stein, Villa Baizeau, Villa Savoye and even the house of Weissenhof until 1936, to which he would add revisions. The reason for the revisions was due to the evolution of his architectural thesis which was based on experiences from adapting the 'frame' structural system into his actual projects. Villa Savoye, as Le Corbusier's masterpiece, is the clearest application of the 'Five Points' in his work.; the mass was lifted up by concrete columns, a non-blocked roof floated on pilotis, and ribbon windows, are all able to be explained as floating box. Villa Savoye is exactly corresponded with his conviction about mutual renovation and if we aware of the historical qualities of balance and unification, Villa Savoye has a clear connection to the qualities of Renaissance villas. However, this is specialized by structure and flat also pilotis symbolized the articulation. The design of the Villa Savoye was started in 1928 and changes that reflect the finished version were made in 1930, shortly before its construction in 1931. Villa Savoye cemented the 'Five points of a New Architecture' as the representational characteristics defining Modern architecture. In the design process of Villa Savoye, there was evidence of two different designs that appeared to be completed alternatives to the final design. Analysis of the design uncovered accidental discoveries that all contained meanings in themselves. Because of the difficulties that Le Corbusier faced in the design Villa Savoye, there was evidence of two different designs that appeared to be completed alternatives to the final design. Analysis of the design uncovered accidental discoveries that all contained meanings in themselves. he went back to his first draft, and I don't know what this means. All elements composing Villa Savoye are conjoined its affective ways and system, it created a close interaction with its surroundings and displayed a unified method of composition. Also, the concept of connecting service levels was applied in his housing projects which emphasized unification, and the use of pilotis was a basic tool of Le Corbusier's new architecture. In terms of Villa Savoye's completion, Le Corbusier's 'Four Types of Housing' was finalized and 'Five points of new architecture' may have influenced its final form. Le Corbusier tried to express various meanings which are based on history as a method of finding meaning in innovative design solutions. However, there were some problems with procedures under the conditions of architectural design: the reception of vehicles and the turning radius of vehicles on the lowest level. The other problem was the conflict between practicalities that required and architecture's pursuit, intention when they set up the plan as downsizing the scale. As the primary symbol of the technological advances of the 20th century, this particular villa meant a lot as the result of understanding pilotis and horizontal windows based on structural regulation. Villa Savoye had been subject to five design revisions. There was a theory that the revisions were meant as improvements to Le Corbusier's design, and another theory is that external factors may have influenced the design revisions. However, similarities between the first version and the final plan shows Le Corbusier's consideration of his goal of expressing the 'Five points of a New Architecture' even if the project had undergone several design revisions. This remarkable building is not only about the aesthetic beauty but also the functionality as a dwelling. Last but not the least, Le Corbusier adjusted and executed his architecture thesis throughout various housing experiments. Continuous accidental processes were his expressions of the concept of Modern architecture. While he was designing, he had been eliminating stereotype and adhering critical and objective view about housing. As the tool of dwelling, his designs and works were reflected the machine aesthetic which was a departure from past design of villas. This is the reason why Le Corbusier's designs continue to influence contemporary architecture. His desigsn are not focused on external features but architecture's ideology and philosophy. Basic concept of architecture has been flowing with people's conception and putting new construction into architecture and Le Corbusier's architecture represent 20th century architecture. Not only new architectural ideology, but its connection to historical influences and the use of progressive technology are the primary reasons why Le Corbusier's architecture continues to be influential, even in the 21st century. |