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³í¹®¸í ¸¶¸£¼¿ ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ ÁÖÅà ´ë·®»ý»êÀ» À§ÇÑ ¡°¼Ò±Ô¸ð ÁÖÅá± ¿¬±¸ / A Study on Marcel Breuer¡¯s Small Houses as Design Strategies for Mass Production
ÀúÀÚ¸í ½ÅÀº±â
¹ßÇà»ç Çѱ¹°ø°£µðÀÚÀÎÇÐȸ
¼ö·Ï»çÇ× Çѱ¹°ø°£µðÀÚÀÎÇÐȸ ³í¹®Áý, Vol.18 No.03 (2023-04)
ÆäÀÌÁö ½ÃÀÛÆäÀÌÁö(405) ÃÑÆäÀÌÁö(10)
ISSN 1976-4405
ÁÖÁ¦ºÐ·ù °èȹ¹×¼³°è / µµ½Ã
ÁÖÁ¦¾î ºê·ÎÀ̾î; ¼Ò±Ô¸ð ÁÖÅÃ; ´ë·®»ý»ê ÁÖÅÃ; ÇÁ¸®ÆÕ; ÇÁ·ÎÅäŸÀÔ ; Breuer; Small House; Mass Produced House; Prefabrication; Prototype
¿ä¾à1 (¿¬±¸¹è°æ ¹× ¸ñÀû) º» ¿¬±¸´Â ¸¶¸£¼¿ ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ ´ë·®»ý»ê ÁÖÅà °èȹ¾ÈÀÇ º¯È­¸¦ ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿© ÁÖÅà ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ¹®Á¦¿¡ ´ëÀÀÇϱâ À§ÇÑ °ÇÃà°¡ÀÇ Àü·«ÀÌ ÁÖº¯ÀÇ »çȸÀû Á¶°Ç°ú ¾î¶»°Ô °ü·ÃµÇ¾î ÀÖ´ÂÁö¸¦ »ìÆ캸°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. 20¼¼±â´Â ±Ù´ëÈ­·Î ÀÎÇÑ »çȸÀû º¯È­°¡ ÄÇ´ø ½Ã±âÀ̸ç, ¶ÇÇÑ ¸¸¼ºÀûÀÎ ÁÖÅà ºÎÁ·ÀÇ ½Ã±â¿´´Ù. ºê·ÎÀ̾î´Â ±Ù´ëÈ­ ÃÊ¹Ý À¯·´ÀÇ ¸ð´õ´ÏÁò ¿îµ¿ÀÇ Á߽ɿ¡¼­ ÁÖÅÃÀÇ ´ë·®»ý»ê°ú ÇÁ¸®ÆÕ ¹æ½Ä¿¡ °ü½ÉÀ» °®±â ½ÃÀÛÇßÀ¸¸ç, Á¤Ä¡Àû ¹®Á¦·Î ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ ÈÄ 2Â÷´ëÀü ½Ã±â¿¡´Â Á¤ºÎ ÁÖµµÀÇ ÁÖÅà °ø±Þ ü°è ÇÏ¿¡¼­ µðÆ潺 ÇÏ¿ì¡ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µé¿¡ Âü¿©Çß´Ù. ¶ÇÇÑ ÀüÀï ÀÌÈÄ¿¡´Â ¹Î°£ Áß½ÉÀÇ ±Þ¼ÓÇÑ ÁÖÅýÃÀåÀÇ ¼ºÀå ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ÁÖÅýÃÀåÀÇ Áß½ÉÀ̾ú´ø ÀÏ¹Ý ÁÖÅðø±Þ¾÷ÀÚµé°ú ¼ÒºñÀÚÀÎ ´ëÁßÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î ¸Åü¸¦ ÅëÇÑ ÇÁ·ÎÅäŸÀÔ µðÀÚÀÎÀ» ¼±º¸À̱⵵ Çß´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ º¯È­ ¼Ó¿¡¼­ ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ ´ë·®»ý»êÀ» À§ÇÑ ÁÖÅà °èȹ¾ÈµéÀÇ Æ¯Â¡À» »ìÆ캸°í ±× ÀÇÀǸ¦ ÁÖº¯ »çȸÀû ¸Æ¶ô°ú ¿¬°èÇÏ¿© ã°íÀÚ ÇÏ¿´´Ù. (¿¬±¸¹æ¹ý) ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ ´ë·®»ý»êÀ» ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ÇÑ °èȹ¾ÈµéÀ» ´ë»óÀ¸·Î Çϸç, ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ µðÁöÅÐ ¾ÆÄ«À̺꿡 ¼ö·ÏµÈ µµ¸é°ú ±â·Ï µîÀÇ ÀÚ·á¿Í °ü·Ã ¼±Çà ¹®ÇåÀ» ÅëÇØ ÁÖ¿ä Àç·á¿Í ±¸Á¶ ¹æ¹ýÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ºÐ¼®ÇÏ¿´´Ù. (°á°ú) ¹Ù¿ìÇϿ콺¿¡¼­ ÇÁ¸®ÆÕ °ÇÃà¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¾ÆÀ̵ð¾î¸¦ óÀ½ ¹ßÀü½ÃÅ°´ø ½Ã±â¿¡´Â ö°ñ ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ ±¸Á¶¸¦ Àû¿ëÇßÁö¸¸ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ Àç·á³ª ±¸Á¶ ¹æ½Äº¸´Ù´Â ºñ¹°ÁúÀûÀÎ º¼·ýÀÇ °áÇÕÀ̶ó´Â °³³äÀûÀÎ ºÎºÐ¿¡ ÃÊÁ¡ÀÌ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ì±¹À¸·Î ÀÌÁÖÇÑ ÀÌÈÄ µðÆ潺 ÇÏ¿ì¡ ÇÁ·ÎÁ§Æ®µéÀ» ÁøÇàÇϸ鼭 ¹Ì±¹ ÁÖÅðǼ³¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î »ç¿ëµÇ´ø ¸ñÀ縦 ÀÌ¿ëÇÑ ¹æ½ÄµéÀ» ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù. °¡Àå ÀüÅëÀûÀÎ ¸ñÀç ÇÁ·¹ÀÓ ¹æ½Ä, ±×·ÎÇǿ콺°¡ ½ÃµµÇß´ø ÇÁ¸®½ºÅĵù º®Ã¼ ÆгÎ, ±×¸®°í ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ µ¶ÀÚÀûÀÎ ¸ñÁ¶ Æ®·¯½º »çÀÌÀÇ °¡º¯Àû °ø°£ ½Ã½ºÅÛ±îÁö ´Ù¾çÇÏ°Ô Àû¿ëÇÏ¿´À¸¸ç, Æ®·¯½º °èȹ¾ÈÀÇ °æ¿ì ¹Ù¿ìÇϿ콺¿¡¼­ ½ÃµµÇß´ø °ø°£ÀÇ °³³äÀ» Àû¿ëÇÏ¿´´Ù. ÀüÈÄ ½Ã±â¿¡´Â ÇÁ·ÎÅäŸÀÔ µðÀÚÀÎÀ» ÅëÇؼ­ ±¸Ã¼ÀûÀÎ ±¸Á¶¿Í Àç·á¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °í¹Îº¸´Ù´Â Æò¸éÀ» Áß½ÉÀ¸·Î ÇÏ´Â °ø°£ ¹èÄ¡°èȹ¿¡ ´õ °ü½ÉÀ» °®´Âµ¥, ÀÌ´Â ´ç½Ã ¸Åü¸¦ ÅëÇØ ´ëÁß¿¡°Ô ¾î¶² »ýÈ°ÀÌ °¡´ÉÇÒ °ÍÀΰ¡¸¦ º¸¿©ÁÖ¾ú´Ù. ¹Ý¸é ±¸Á¶¿Í Àç·á´Â ½ÇÁ¦ °Ç¼³À» ´ã´çÇÏ°Ô µÉ ÀÏ¹Ý ÁÖÅðø±Þ¾÷ÀÚÀÇ ¿µ¿ªÀ¸·Î µÎ¾ú´Ù. (°á·Ð) ºê·ÎÀ̾îÀÇ ´ë·®»ý»ê ÁÖÅðèȹ¾ÈÀÇ º¯È­´Â ´ë·®»ý»êÀ» À§ÇØ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ Ç¥ÁØÈ­ÀÇ ´ë»óÀÌ ±¸Á¶¿Í Àç·á, °ÅÁÖ °ø°£ µîÀ¸·Î ´Ù¾çÈ­µÉ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¸ç, ÁÖÅÃÀÇ ´ë·®»ý»êÀÌ ±â¼ú ÀÚüÀÇ ¿µ¿ª»Ó¸¸ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó °ÇÃà°¡°¡ ¼ÓÇÑ »çȸÀÇ °æÁ¦Àû, ¹®È­Àû »óȲ¿¡ µû¶ó ´ëÀÀÇÑ´Ù´Â Á¡À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.
¿ä¾à2 (Background and Purpose) This study analyzed the changes in Marcel Breuer's mass-produced houses and examined the meaning of the strategies that architects have used to cope with the housing shortage. Throughout the 20th century, there were chronic housing shortages due to great social change, modernization, and political situations. In the early 20th century, Breuer began to develop prefabrication methods for mass-produced houses in the midst of the modern architectural movement at Bauhaus. During World War II, he participated in defence housing projects in new construction environments under government-led housing supply policies in the United States. In the postwar era, he presented prototype designs through the media to mass builders and the public, facing the rapid growth of the housing market led by the private sector. This study attempted to reveal how Breuer¡¯s design strategies for mass-produced houses were formed in connection with these social contexts. (Method) Breuer's small house designs for mass production were targeted, and the materials and structural methods were mainly analyzed through drawings and letters from Breuer's digital archive and related literature. (Results) A steel frame structure with metal and glass panels was applied to the initial models for prefabricated houses developed at Bauhaus; however, the conceptual idea for the combination of immaterial volumes was more appealing than concrete materials or structural methods. After moving to the United States, wooden construction methods commonly used in the American housing construction industry were utilized for defense housing projects in various ways. Breuer used the traditional wooden frame for the Aluminum City Terrace, freestanding wall panels for Yankee Portable Houses with assembly production methods, and unique wooden trusses with flexible spaces between two horizontal structural members, which reflected the spatial concepts developed at Bauhaus. For postwar houses, he presented a prototype design in magazines and museums, which displayed a spatial arrangement focusing on the inhabitants¡¯ living conditions rather than specific structures and materials. He attempted to show the life that his design enabled to the public, while the structure and materials were left to the builders in charge of the actual construction. (Conclusions) Variations in Breuer¡¯s design suggest that the objects of standardization for mass production can be diversified into structures, materials, and living spaces. It can be concluded that the technologies for mass-produced houses were influenced not only by the realm of technology itself but also by the social conditions related to the political, cultural, and economic situations.
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DOI http://10.35216/kisd.2023.18.3.405
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