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¿ä¾à2 In contrast to the shortage of un-used spaces due to the industrialization of mid 20th century, these days the number of derelict and vacant sites is increasing rapidly. An aging population and low birth rates are some of the reasons causing the closing of schools, empty homes and businesses, and long-term abandonment of buildings. Although vacant urban spaces pose serious problems of anti-social behavior, and deny these sites its potential as urban resources, there is a lack of proper analysis and research into the reclamation and revitalization of urban vacant spaces. Additionally, due to the lack of relevant policy measures, local governments are finding it difficult to effectively manage and utilize vacant sites. Hence, this study analyzes the cause of vacant urban sites and demonstrates its relevance to the decline of a wider local area. Developing from this analysis, the study proposes to manage vacant sites as part of the neighborhood regeneration policy, and presents general policy measures to revitalize and reclaim vacant urban spaces. In chapter two, through the literature review of past research studies and press reports from both within Korea and abroad, the significance and value of urban vacant spaces were discussed. Many empirical researches have been conducted in the West regarding the negative impact of vacant sites such as exacerbation of crime and drug use, increased dangers of fire and collapsing of buildings, falling land value and local reputation, and increased public expenditure. Similar problems have been identified within Korea recently as well. However, whilst urban vacant spaces are viewed as the source of many social problems, it is also a valid urban resource in urban and neighborhood regeneration schemes. Therefore, policy measures of effectively managing and utilizing urban vacant sites are strongly in demand. Based on various statistics and relevant literature, chapter three categorically defined the different causes and types of urban vacant sites in Korea, and researched various programs and policy being pursued by central and local governments to understand the general direction of reclamation and revitalization processes of vacant sites. The main considerations regarding urban vacant sites are as follows. First, the generation of urban vacant sites is in connection to the decline of neighborhoods which in turn is related to wider aspects of relocation of public facilities, depopulation, deterioration of commercial areas and local businesses etc. Second, social demand on resolving the issues of urban vacant spaces are growing, and various entities including central and local government, and private organizations are actively pursuing management systems which are appropriated to the needs of the local community. Third, resolving problems of urban vacant sites should be dealt on a neighborhood scale. Premising that derelict sites are inter-related to the deterioration of the general local area, each distinct socioeconomic and physical conditions, urban development and policy measures of the local area needs to be taken into consideration for the implementation of an effective reclamation and revitalization strategy. The fourth chapter presented the outcomes of an in-depth analysis on Busan Dong-gu, Chungju, and Naju in order to categorically define the attributes and disposition of local urban vacant sites. The management and utilization system of derelict sites by these three local governments were also analyzed in depth to deduce both the potential and limitations of such interventions. The attributes of the three areas are as follows. First, the cause of urban vacant sites is multi-dimensional in the sense that there are social factors such as the general decline in population and an aging population, economic factors such as the decline of local industries, physical factors such as problems of accessibility and site forms, institutional factors such as the designation of renewal districts etc. Second, urban vacant sites engender negative effects to the surrounding area and induce further local degeneration. Abandoned places cause apprehension of crimes and discomfort, damage the area aesthetically, exacerbate declining property values and reputation of an area. Third, the problems of vacant spaces differ on a neighborhood scale, hence resolutions need to be devised accordingly. The research found that local governments were attempting various methods of tackling the problems of vacant spaces, and in this process active participation from the private sector was identified as a positive aspect. However, there was lack of differentiation in the approaches failing to take into full account the distinct conditions of each local area, and there was an absence of a systematic means to achieve sustainable management. There was also a lack of understanding in the roles of the different stakeholders, and ways of promoting more private sector support. On an institutional level, policy measures regarding the prevention of urban vacant spaces, promotion of use of existing vacant sites, and funding measures were recognized as issues that require urgent consideration. Through chapter five, the study presented policy implications of the US, Japan and UK as these countries have been effectively pursuing reclamation and revitalization policy since early and mid 2000s. The findings are summarized as follows. First, in order to effectively deal with the problems of vacant sites there needs to be a systematic way of surveying and managing data concerning existing vacant sites. Second, private sector stakeholders need to be recognized as key members in the reclamation and revitalization process of vacant sites and empty homes. Third, stronger authority for intervention, financial support and tax benefits should be given to local governments for a more active involvement in managing urban vacant spaces. Fourth, it was found that reclamation and revitalization projects are lead by the private sector whilst the public sector plays a supportive role, and furthermore, reclamation programs are developed and operated through the understanding of each local conditions. Chapter six presented the general framework of the use and management of urban vacant spaces and induced six policy tasks based on the findings of chapter four. The general outline of the effective use and management of urban vacant spaces should be based on a comprehensive understanding of the cause of abandonment, the physical conditions and level of deterioration, so that the problems of vacant sites can be dealt from a place-oriented perspective, in different phases through the co-operation of public and private sector members. To pursue such direction, the following policy tasks are suggested. First, establish a database system which collates information on location, current condition, and main causes of abandonment. Second, establish a governance organization which allows for close co-operation with the local government. Third, introduce policy measures which directly allow public intervention. Fourth, arrange financial support and tax benefits for the management and demolishing of vacant properties. Fifth, establish a vacant site management and utilization plan which takes into account the type of deterioration, socioeconomic characteristics of existing residents etc. Sixth, conduct pioneer projects for propagation of effective reclamation and revitalization of vacant sites. This study recognizes that in order for the policy direction and tasks to be effectively implemented, there needs to be further research into wider case studies that reveal a detailed description of the categorized attributes of vacant spaces. Due to the lack of previous studies, this research aimed to provide the basis for understanding of the conditions and qualities, causes of urban vacant sites, and the need for the involvement of the public sector. It is anticipated that in depth analysis, and management and use strategies based on local areas are developed and pursued in the future. It is important to note that insofar the overriding urban regeneration method which relied on demolition and rebuild supported the use of a quantitative database system, however, this study emphasized that urban decline cannot be measured simply by quantitative indicators such as the age of buildings, or the proportion of old facilities within a given area. It is rather a phenomenon which occurs on a block and a building-lot scale, and the management of these spaces can either deter or hasten further urban decline. In this sense, neighborhood regeneration is not so much about completely reconstructing the physical makeup of an area, but about managing and re-using empty and old spaces to co-exist with the remaining parts of an area. Therefore, understanding that deteriorating urban spaces and buildings is both an indicator of the decline of a neighborhood and also the potential sites of regeneration, it is crucial that the public sector approaches the reclamation and revitalization as a process of preserving neighborhood sustainability.
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