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In face of 'the Age of Uncertainty', the significance of careful planning in architectural projects is increasing, by which overall costs can be reduced and building efficiency improved. However, in the case of Korea, the lack of proficiency in architectural planning is causing widespread criticism since newly built facilities fail to aptly reflect the need and demands of the local context. This lack of proficiency is in part due to the insufficient information on how architectural planning is actually conducted in both public and private sectors, and hence the constraint in improvement efforts of the planning system. Furthermore the role and benefits of architectural planning is yet to be fully recognized amongst those who are involved in building projects. Therefore, this study aims first to clarify the conception of architectural planning and demonstrate its significance, and to propose improvement measures of the planning system on the basis of understanding how architectural planning is being conducted by relevant organizations today. To begin with, this study categorized relevant organizations into private and public sectors, analyzed the work procedures of each sectors, and simultaneously conducted focus group interviews. Regarding the public sector, according to the 3-stages of development in planning, 'plan-verification-refinement', the following procedures were carried out: the project brief was prepared as the initial 'plan' stage, feasibility studies and investment appraisals were managed as part of the 'verification' stage, and lastly the design brief was prepared as part of the 'refinement' stage. In investigating the produced documents and work procedures, it was concluded that there is generally a lack of substantiality in the preparation of the project brief, a lack of objectiveness in the verification stage, and the lack of creativity and expertise in the refinement stage. The private sector, on the other hand, was found to be placing a heavy emphasis on procedures such as economic efficiency analysis, marketing, project management, and the development of design. The study also categorized the operational model of private sector entities into the internal management type, comprehensive consulting type, comprehensive management type, and the design exclusive type. As part of the research, focus group sessions were conducted during the month of July 2012 represented by experts who regularly engage in architectural planning from 15 different entities. The results of the focus group sessions are as follows. In terms of the significance of architectural planning, mostly everyone agreed to its importance, but disagreed on the level of significance of each procedure. Private sector experts emphasized architectural planning as a means of analyzing the feasibility of the project, whilst public sector experts identified planning as simply a means of a procurement process. When asked about the role of architectural planning, it was identified as to provide the masterplan or the framework of the overall project. Architectural planning was also understood as the critical stage where judgments regarding whether the project is worth pursuing is decided upon. On the topic of required capabilities of an architectural planning expert, many agreed on the ability to make rational and sound judgment, and the capability to effectively co-ordinate work and correspond to different stakeholders. Both sectors, in terms of priorities of work in architectural planning, recognized the analysis of social demand as the prime concern. The public sector also set accurate forecasting of demand, and calculating construction costs as high priority procedures, whereas private sector members viewed profit maximization, and increasing commercial value to be of high importance. Regarding the timescale and costs of conducting architectural planning, there were obvious differences between the two sectors. Public sector experts finalized the whole planning stage within 3 months, expending 1~3% of total project cost, whilst the private sector(especially CM and construction companies) spent varying duration from 5 months to 3 years on a single project, and expended 7~9% of total project cost. Synthesizing the findings of the research, architectural planning in Korea can be concluded as first, lacking awareness as a discrete professional domain, second, deficient in carrying out proper work procedures, third, lacking in the number of professionals who retain sufficient skills for architectural planning. Based on such findings, the following stages are proposed as measures of improvement. First, enhance the understanding of the role of architectural planning amongst stakeholders, especially the client groups. Second, reinforce proper work procedures of architectural planning. Third, increase proficiency in architectural planning by fostering architectural programmists who are equipped with the appropriate skills, understanding and expertise. The study proposes the following changes in the planning system in order to improve architectural planning standards. First, a clear definition of architectural planning needs to be highlighted in the Building Act. Second, architectural planning needs to be recognized as a discrete part of the whole building process by acknowledging it in the ¡°Architect's Job and Fee Standards in Procuring Public Projects¡±. Third, the public sector should play a leading role in improving the standards of architectural planning, and allow capable external experts to participate in public projects. In addition, clauses regarding the qualifications of entities which conduct feasibility studies need revision in the Construction Technology Management Act. Fourth, through a government appointed organization, the results of feasibility studies should be revised and reviews should be taken into consideration during the deliberation of budgets. Furthermore, in order to achieve effective changes in the planning system the study suggests the following measures. First, a self-assessment tool such as the PDRI is recommended to be developed to examine the content of architectural planning at separate stages of the planning process by different stakeholders. This should happen in conjunction with improving methods of accurately calculating total construction costs, by which the approximate estimate system also needs sophistication. Second, in order to strengthen expertise in architectural planning, an accreditation system which acknowledges on-the-ground professional experience needs to be in place, which requires the voluntary support and efforts of organizations such as the Korea Institute of Registered Architects. This needs to be supplemented in a systematic approach, in which one possibility is through establishing an architectural planning course in the Korea Architectural Education Curriculum. Third, through the 'National Public Architecture Center' by which fostering of architectural planning specialists are anticipated, the public sector needs to test and lead the strengthening process of architectural planning through a demonstration of pilot projects. Fourth, setting against the prevalent inadequacies of current architectural planning, there needs to be increased awareness that real estate consulting, finance and procurement planning, revision of business cases are all an inclusive part of architectural planning. Hence, there needs to be an accreditation system which accommodates for the experience and knowledge in a wider spectrum of fields, and not just in design and construction. In conclusion, this study concluded that the lack of trust amongst stakeholders and poor awareness of the importance of architectural planning are the main factors that slows down the improvement process of architectural planning standards. Hence, prior to implementing the suggested improvement measures, a stronger consensus needs to be formed around the significance of architectural planning amongst experts and interest groups, and such issues need to be publicized to bring about fundamental changes in the way planning is carried out. This will provide the groundwork for the planned pilot projects of the 'National Public Architecture Center', and the execution of these projects will emphasize architectural planning in respect to the whole life-cycle of building projects. |