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In establishing a systematic development plan for a certain industry field, fundamental data which illustrate the present situation become the key factors. Statistical indicators, specifically, have significance for that they could examine the soundness and stableness of the field and verify the practical effectiveness of an industrial policy. Although data on Architectural and Engineering Services Industry were first revealed to the public through the 2005 Census on Service Industry, their capabilities to support policy-making are highly questionable. Furthermore, statistical indicators that grasp the present conditions of the industry are yet to be developed. Therefore, this study was designed to explore the recent trend in Architectural and Engineering Services Industry from an industrial viewpoint and to set the foundation of policy-making based on analysis of statistic data. According to Korean Standard Industrial Classification (KSIC) as well as Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Architectural and Engineering Services Industry is categorized as a knowledge-based service industry. However, class and definition of Architectural and Engineering Services Industry are ambiguous in domestic acts such as Framework Act on the Construction Industry, Construction Technology Management Act, and Engineering Technology Promotion Act, thus resulting in the absence of a basis on which the industry can be treated as a knowledge-based industry. Other OECD countries, on the other hand, have been promoting knowledge-based services as the major industry. Comparing Korea with those OECD countries, there is a significant difference in the portion that knowledge-based industries make up amongst the gross domestic product (GDP). That is, knowledge-based services represent 25 percent of Korea's GDP, while 42 percent of the GDP is represented from those industries in OECD countries. Also, the value-added of those industries occupied a share of 3.7 percent in Korea's GDP, less than half of those of other OECD countries. In addition, while Business Services (including Architectural and Engineering Services Industry) have been growing since the economic crisis in 1997, their average growth rates and value-added per person rates have dropped from 10.5 percent to 4.9 percent and 39.0 percent to 28.6, respectively, between 2001 and 2005. At last, the Industrial Development Act was completely revised in 2009 to foster knowledge-based service industries. In this revision, Architectural and Engineering Services Industry was classified into Knowledge-based Service Industries sector, a prologue to the forthcoming projects to stimulate Architectural and Engineering Services Industry. Therefore, recognition of the industry as product management should now shift to knowledge-based service industry. Industrial policy developments related to this change also would be needed. This study explored the recent global trends in the Architectural and Engineering Services Industry. It has been revealed that productivity of the industry in developed countries were twice as high as that in Korea. In 2007, average total sales of companies in Korea were 55.3 percent relative to average of OECD countries, and 52.4 percent relative to average of G7 countries. Sales per each employee, specifically, in the US were 2.4 times higher than in Korea and in Japan 1.9 times higher. It can be said that in order to achieve higher productivity, efforts must be made to restructure the industry. In this study, present conditions of the domestic industry were explored by data from the National Statistics Office (NOS). Annual total sales of Architectural and Engineering Services Industry were £Ü9.3 trillion in 2005, up 59 percent from 2001. While the annual sales of Architectural Services Industry increased 48 percent, those of Engineering Services Industry rose 69 percent. Average total sales per company were £Ü530 million in Architectural Services Industry and £Ü1.5 billion in Engineering Services Industry. Due to support after the revision of Engineering Technology Promotion Act in 2002, Engineering Services Industry occupied 51 percent of companies and 52 percent of employees. Though sales have grown, profit rates declined 12.4 percent in Architectural Services Industry and 12.0 percent in Engineering. Therefore, the industry must be restructured without delay. Of 10,987 companies related to the Architectural and Engineering Services Industry, 1.3 percent of 147 firms were classified as ¡®big¡¯ businesses with more than 100 employees. Among the 7,463 architectural firms, 0.7 percent or 55 firms were big businesses. However, 38.7 percent of total sales were occupied by the big firms, indicating an imbalanced situation. Average sales of big firms in Architecture and Engineering Services Industries were £Ü22.2 billion, about 43 times as much as £Ü520 million of smaller firms with less than 100 employees. This disparity was even greater in the Architectural Services industry. Sales of big architectural firms were £Ü22.3 billion, about 60 times higher than £Ü380 million of small firms. In the Architectural and Engineering Services Industry, annual sales per each employee were £Ü100 million in big firms, 1.5 times higher than the £Ü68.69 million in smaller firms. In the Architecture Services industry, the numbers were £Ü108 million in big firms, 1.6 times higher than £Ü66.02 million of the smaller firms. Small businesses with less than 10 employees shared 79 percent of all the architectural and engineering businesses according to data in 2005. Small businesses occupied 87 percent of the architectural firms. Outside of Seoul and Gyeonggi province, about 90 percent architectural firms were small firms, illustrating the dominance of small businesses in the Architectural Services industry. Small businesses in Architectural and Engineering Services Industry took 18 percent of the total sales of the industries with average sales about £Ü200 million, merely 1.1 percent of average sales of big businesses with more than 100 employees. In addition, the survey data showed imbalance between regional areas. £Ü5.5 trillion shared sales from Seoul, 59.3 percent of the turnover of about £Ü9.3 trillion from the Architectural and Engineering Services industry nation-wide. Total sales from the metropolitan area including Gyeonggi province and Incheon represented 76.4 percent of the national total, while total sales from the other cities and provinces represented only 11.6 percent. About 78,700 employees were based in or near Seoul, 66.37 percent of all employees in the Architectural and Engineering Services Industry. 99 percent of architectural firms in Korea were engaged in architectural design according to data of present conditions survey on architectural firms in 2008 (multiple responses). Compared to the fact that 54 percent of firms in the US managed both architectural and interior design, architectural firms should be expanding professional fields. 74.6 percent have responded that construction detail design was the main source of income while 33.9 percent responded that their source of income was schematic design. Separate progress of schematic design under separate contracts, as in the US, is exceptional in Korea. The proportion of outsourcing took 20 to 30 percent in total sales of the firms in 2008, compared with 40 to 50 percent of the big firms with more than 100 employees. There was a difference from 30 percent on the average of the US, which shows downward tendency of outsourcing among the major firms. The highest proportion of earnings was occupied by detached house projects of 20.9 percent, followed by apartment house projects of 19.9 percent. The Architectural Services industry is so concentrated on the housing sector that housing and property policies have a great influence on the market. Among the new contracts, construction of a new buildings occupied 76.4 percent, similar to the 66 percent of the firms in the US focusing on the construction of new buildings. Clients were mostly individuals. Requests by individuals were 60.8 percent and private contracts occupied 78.1 percent of the total contracts of architectural firms. In the US, design-bid-build contracts occupied 60 percent of the total contracts while state or local governments occupied 22.3 percent of the clients, the highest proportion. It indicated that most contracts were closely related to the industrial structure of the US. In terms of entering the international market, 3.9 percent of Korean firms have or have been managing international projects in 2008. Most projects were located in Asian regions apart from Middle East Asia. In developed countries, markets have been opening to the world by twofold or more, while Korea has maintained status quo between 2003 and 2006. Such changes in the global environment will eventually affect the Korean market to open. All things considered, strategies could be suggested to facilitate Architecture and Engineering Services industries as follows: Legislation and improvement of related law Institutional support is important to promote Architectural and Engineering Services Industry to knowledge-based service industry. There have been precedents such as Engineering Technology Promotion Act in engineering sector, Framework Act on Science and Technology in the science and technology sector, and Industrial Design Promotion Act in the industrial design sector. Architecture Industry Promotion Act (tentative name), should be established to clarify ambiguous criteria and regulations. Supporting to relieve imbalance between regional areas According to the survey, small business with less than 10 employees took 79 percent of businesses in Architectural and Engineering Services Industry. Also, most businesses were concentrated in the metropolitan area. The government should develop financing support plans to increase the diversity of business scales and locations. Innovation of industrial structure focused on knowledge-based service industries The current ordering process and contract system should be improved to confirm the status of Architectural and Engineering Services Industry as a knowledge-based service industry. Proportion of design fee in the construction cost which has been calculated based on Engineering Technology Promotion Act should be agreed on while human resources should be developed through research and development (R&D) and consistent vocational training. Suggestion of facilitation policy by architectural associations and organizations Political Action Committee organized by The American Institute of Architects (AIA) to express their opinion more effectively and to inform architects of public policies is a good example of professional groups which show their voice in legislation. Korea Institute of Registered Architects (KIRA) is also concerned with architectural laws and policies to promote architecture industry by networking qualified architects. Related organizations should systematically manage action groups beyond the academic research and thus have influence on the actual policy-making and change the architecture and urban circumstances. Publication of annual report on situation of Architectural and Engineering Services Industry DB construction on present condition of the industries is a crucial part in constructing integrated policy system to promote Architecture and Engineering Services industries. Regular survey on the industries and development of statistical indicators would be very useful in predicting industrial changes and supporting improvement of existing conditions of actual system. Therefore, annual reports on actual situation of the industries should be published. |