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¼­¸í °ÇÃà»çÀÇ È£Äª°ú ¾÷¹«ÀÇ Á¦µµÀû Çü¼º¿¡ °üÇÑ ¿¬±¸ / On Institutional Formation of Appellation and Profession of the Korean Architect
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¿ä¾à2 This research is designed to reveal the ambivalent concept of the modern architect, the origin of the East-Asian conflict among appellations to the architect, and the institutional problems of the boundary of architects' services by the philological and comparative study on the institutional formations of the modern architect in various countries. The formation of the East-Asian appellation of the modern architect was analyzed in the respect of the translation of the Western civilization and the boundary of architects' services professionalized during the global industrialization was compared among nations. The conclusion was made as follows: A. In the late 19th century of Japan, 'architecture' was mostly translated into two different neologism, irrelevant of the original meaning. The first one, 'Jou-ka(ðã Ê«: to build a 'house') specified the subject and the latter one, 'Ken-chiku(Ëïõé: to erect and stack) accentuated the act. Combining vague concepts of the architecture with familiar Chinese characters, various interpretations on 'architecture' were made, and confusion of the meaning had been stretched. In the appellation of 'Kenchiku-ka (ËïõéÊ«)' proposed by Japanese scholar Chuta Ito, state of the architect had been equal to the artists', detached from that of the traditional builder. The suffix '-ka' which expressed the specialty and social status was added. By establishment of the appellation of the architect, Kenchiku-ka, superiority of the designer among other relevant groups to architecture was formalized and the other groups like constructors, engineers, etc. had been excluded from the Kenchiku-ka. These formation and formalization of the appellation to the architect had brought similar awareness and usage of the word that were similar to the western concept of the architect, however, aggravated the confliction among various groups in the field of architecture. B. Although architectural history have been with the human history, the appearance of the architect as the professional was a product of the modernization. Through the modernization, as the doctor and the lawyer who would be understood as the representative of the professionalism, the Western architect acquired an exclusive field of services and established a new professional class. The Western architect consolidated the professionalism and accentuated the occupational morality by founding schools and associations. Through systematic materialization of the professional properties including methodical theories, authorities, ethics codes, qualification systems, etc., the design and construction supervision over the building process had been monopolized. Processes of the professionalization in each country, however, had been differentiated for leading groups of the professionalization(e.g., the academia versus the association, or the government versus the private sectors), pursuits of the education(e.g., the artist versus the businessman, or the artist versus the engineer) and systems of the qualification. Institutional development of the East-Asian professional architect was specialized as well: 1)Unlike the idea of the conventional occupations of building, the new concept of the architect was brought afresh, 2)Being defined by government, the early modern architects ware raised as the government officials. Result of such institutional development of the East-Asian professional architect were also observed in coinages, Kenchiku-ka, representing the class or the status, and Kenchiku-gishi, the government official rank. With the growth of the private market, the appellation of Kenchigu-shi came out at last, meaning the professionalism of the architect by the suffix '-shi'. Institutionalization of this appellation, however, asked various governmental and administrative calls. C. Qualification system the nation certified was the final setting to exclusively guarantee the architects' services, generally rendered by design and construction supervision of the building. The certificate of the architect had been institutionalized through at least tens of years' endeavor. The qualification system of the professionalism can be approved, when the services has independence and specialty in a society, and furthermore it is admitted as the services to selflessly serve the public. In the East-Asia, the mental and physical labour were not distinguished from each other in the area of the building process. Therefore it needed more time to adopt the indispensable, superior role and status of the architect. It is interesting for the role of architect to be prominent especially in the legal permission in place of the government office or the management of the legitimacy at a construction site as the traditional bureaucracy asks the architect for administrative services. After 1965 the dispute of the identification and system of qualification for the architect mostly occurred at above matter in S. Korea. D. The architect's superior status to design and construction supervision of the building is legally protected. The Architects Act preserves the services of qualified architects and limits the business and use of the appellation of the architect for unqualified individuals. In the Korean legislative system, however, system of the architect qualification does not follows the licence system as the doctor or the pharmacist is qualified but follows the certificate registration system like the lawyer or the patent lawyer is qualified. This tells clearly that the architect's monopolistic status is not about the act but about the responsibility. For example, Architects Act does not preserve the sole right to design the buildings. Rather it only preserve the monopolization of the legal effect of the building design. In other words, everyone can produce the design document but the design document a qualified architect takes responsibility is effective alone in the real building process. This property of the architect qualification system is not limited to S. Korea but a general story in most countries, that reflects limitations in the architect qualification system. E. Due to the non-departmentalized architectural education and delay of the institutionalization for the professionalism of the architects in most East-Asian countries, constructors or engineers had been in charge of both the design and the construct supervision. In order to secure the architect's role, the legal guarantee about limitation of services and prohibition of employment by others was simultaneously needed. Accordingly, since the enactment of Architects Act was legislated in the early 20th century of Japan, the article to protect the architect from being hired for other works had been claimed. As the constructors and the materials companies opposed to this claim, however, the issue of the services degraded to the issue of the appellation. The conflict was concluded that the unqualified individuals could not design a building with the title of the architect appellation. In Korea, after 1978 the article for protecting the architect profession from subsidiary businesses was legislated, however, this institutionalization functioned as restriction and prohibition of the qualified architect from taking other businesses unlike the original intention. To sum up, the various arguments over the architect system are often the common issues of architect profession all around world. In the process of the professionalization of the architect, coterminous problems have been developed in different countries, and concluded to various institutionalization of the architect depending on the way they have been solved. In the East-Asian case, the misunderstandings over the appellation of the architect, bureaucracy and governmentalism have resulted to unique systems of the architect. In addition, passive and artificial formation of association and market in the colonial era and strong administrative needs in the national reconstruction period introduced another feature of the Korean architect system. Therefore, to improve the Korean architect system, for a start, it is necessary to distinguish between general problems and particular issues with comprehensive understanding on the architect profession.
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